ABSTRACT
The goal of this study was to investigate if the selection of external information for storage in visual working memory requires control by the central executive when the categorization of targets is guided by instructions. The design was experimental 3 (concurrent task) x 2 (instruction). Forty-eight university students saw eight colored shapes, four of them surrounded by square outlines. Memory was assessed using a recognition task. Targets varied with instructions: targets were presented within squares in the first block and outside squares in the second block. There were three concurrent tasks: no task, articulatory suppression, and backward counting. Performance was measured by hits, false alarms, corrected recognition, and sensitivity (A'), compared using within-subject ANOVAs. Results showed a main effect only for concurrent task, with lower performance in the backward counting condition for all measures. These results suggest that the central executive does not control the perceptual filter, corroborating earlier results. (AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a seleção de informações externas para manutenção na memória de trabalho visual requer controle do executivo central, quando a categorização de alvos depende de instrução. O delineamento foi experimental três (tarefa concorrente) x duas (instrução). Participaram 48 universitários. Os participantes viam oito formas coloridas, quatro delas dentro de quadrados. A memória foi avaliada por reconhecimento. Os alvos dependiam de instrução: no primeiro bloco estavam dentro de quadrados e no segundo, fora de quadrados. Havia três tarefas concorrentes: sem tarefa, supressão articulatória e contagem inversa. O desempenho foi avaliado por acertos, alarmes falsos, taxa de reconhecimento correto e índice de sensibilidade A', comparados por meio de ANOVAs intrassujeitos. Os resultados mostraram apenas efeito principal da tarefa concorrente, com menor desempenho na condição contagem inversa em todas as medidas. Esse resultado sugere que o executivo central não controla o filtro perceptual, corroborando resultados anteriores. (AU)
El objetivo fue investigar si la selección de información externa para el mantenimiento de la memoria de trabajo visual requiere un control del ejecutivo central, cuando la categorización de los estímulos depende de instrucciones. El diseño fue experimental 3 (tarea concurrente) x 2 (instrucción). Los 48 estudiantes universitarios participantes vieron ocho formas de colores, cuatro de ellas dentro de cuadrados. La memoria se evaluó por reconocimiento. Los estímulos dependían de la instrucción: en el primer bloque estaban dentro de los cuadrados, y en el segundo, fuera de ellos. Hubo tres tareas recurrentes: ninguna tarea, supresión articulatoria y conteo inverso. El rendimiento se evaluó mediante aciertos, falsas alarmas, tasa de reconocimiento correcto e índice de sensibilidad A', mediante ANOVAs intrasujeto Los resultados mostraron solo el efecto principal de la tarea concurrente, con menor rendimiento en la condición de conteo inverso en todas las medidas. Los resultados sugieren que el ejecutivo central no controla el filtro perceptual, corroborando resultados anteriores. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Attention , Executive Function , Memory, Short-Term , Students/psychology , Universities , Visual Perception , Surveys and Questionnaires , Analysis of Variance , Sociodemographic FactorsABSTRACT
Objective@#To study the changes in the functional connections of the central executive network in patients with depression after clinical cure.@*Methods@#Seventeen depression patients who met the clinical cure standard (patient group) and twenty-two healthy controls (control group) were selected.The baseline rs-fMRI data were collected from the healthy control group and the patient group respectively, and the rs-fMRI data in the patient group were collected again after 6 months.Compared the changes of central executive network function connection between the two groups.@*Results@#At baseline, there was a high functional connection in the left inferior parietal lobule(MNI: x, y, z=-39, -69, 33)and right insula(MNI: x, y, z=15, -45, 30) in the patient group compared with the control group.Compared with the baseline, there were high functional connections in part of the left inferior parietal lobe (MNI: x, y, z=-60, -48, 21) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal lobe (MNI: x, y, z=24, 18, 60), and low functional connections in part of the left inferior parietal lobe (MNI: x, y, z=-51, -69, 18) in patient group 6 months after clinical cure.Compared with the control group, there was a high functional connection in the right dorsolateral prefrontal lobe (MNI: x, y, z=45, 51, -6) and the right inferior parietal lobe (MNI: x, y, z=42, -48, 27) in patient group 6 months after clinical cure.@*Conclusion@#The functional connection of central executive network of depression patients has not been restored, and the related abnormality is not stable in six months after reaching the clinical cure standard.
ABSTRACT
@#A lot of researches indicate the relationship between cognitive impairment and functional connectivity of default mode network,salience network and central executive network.The changes of networks are various in different cognitive dys-function.It is important to apply resting state functional magnetic resonance in the old adults with cognitive dysfunction.
ABSTRACT
Para resolver problemas aritméticos, los humanos necesitamos tratar con diferentes piezas de información. Por esta razón, parece plausible que necesitemos de algún sistema capaz de procesar, retener y manipular dicha información. La memoria de trabajo es el sistema encargado de llevar a cabo estos procesos, por lo que podría estar implicado en la resolución de operaciones aritméticas. En este sentido, la investigación empírica ha mostrado que los diferentes componentes de la memoria de trabajo (el ejecutivo central, el bucle fonológico, y la agenda visoespacial) juegan diferentes roles en el proceso de resolución de problemas aritméticos. Por otro lado, algunos investigadores sugieren que la discalculia evolutiva, la dificultad para llevar a cabo operaciones matemáticas más frecuente en la población, se caracteriza por un déficit principal en la memoria de trabajo. Sin embargo, estos resultados no han sido siempre replicados. En este artículo se presenta una revisión actualizada de la implicación de la memoria de trabajo en la resolución de operaciones aritméticas. Como se verá, cada componente cumple con una función específica en el proceso de resolución de operaciones aritméticas. Además, la evidencia en contra y apoyando un déficit principal en memoria de trabajo en pacientes con discalculia del desarrollo será revisada.
To solve arithmetic problems, humans need to deal with several pieces of information. The working memory system actively stores and manipulates information. For this reason, it seems plausible that this system is involved in solving arithmetic problems. In fact, it has been shown that the different subcomponents of working memory (central executive, phonological loop and visual sketchpad) play different roles in solving arithmetic problems. On the other hand, some research has shown that the most typical arithmetic disability, that is developmental dyscalculia, is characterized by a main deficit in working memory. However, these results have not been always obtained. In the present article the involvement of working memory in solving arithmetic operations is reviewed. Moreover, the evidence supporting and against a main impairment in working memory in people with developmental dyscalculia will be discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Dyscalculia/physiopathology , Executive Function , Memory, Short-Term/physiologyABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o envolvimento de recursos da atenção na codificação e manutenção da informação visual e espacial na memória de trabalho. Utilizou-se um paradigma de tarefas duplas em que uma tarefa primária de localização espacial foi realizada simultaneamente a uma tarefa atentiva secundária de discriminação de tons. O desempenho dos participantes (n = 20) na tarefa primária foi afetado pela presença e pela similaridade entre os tons da tarefa secundária, e também, pela instrução de priorizar uma ou outra tarefa. Os resultados indicam que recursos atentivos (do executivo central) estão envolvidos na codificação e na manutenção ativa da informação integrada na memória visuoespacial, assim como na manutenção dos objetivos das tarefas a serem realizadas simultaneamente.
The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of attention in the encoding and maintenance of information in visual and spatial working memory. We used a dual task paradigm in which a primary task of spatial localization was performed simultaneously with a secondary attentive task of tone discrimination. The participants' performance (n = 20) in the primary task was affected by the presence and similarity between the tones of the secondary task, and also the instruction to prioritize one task or another. The results indicate that attentive resources (central executive) are involved in encoding and active maintenance of integrated information in visuo-spatial memory, as well as in maintaining the objectives of the tasks to be performed simultaneously.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Attention , Cognition , Task Performance and AnalysisABSTRACT
Objective To explore the associations of the sub-components of central executive function ( inhibition, shifting and updating) with monoamine oxidase A ( MAOA ) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase ( DBH ).Methods The cognitive performance of the 719 healthy individuals,who were selected randomly from an university in Xi' an,was assessed by the world wide used paradigms of central executive function. Then, a populationbased study was performed to analysis the associations of central executive function with the 30-bp variable number tandem repeat and -C1021T in the promoters of MAOA and DBH ,respectively. Results The results indicated that the 30-bp variable number tandem repeat of MAOA was associated with the performance of inhibition and updating ( x2 = 4.82,4.50; P= 0. 03,0.03 ) in males. The reaction time of inhibition test was shorter in 3r genotype group ( (671.32 ±9.77 )ms) than that in 4r genotype group ( (706.61 ± 14.58 ) ms) ,and the indivudals with 3r genotype (47.85 ±0. 69) had more updating numbers than the indivudals with 4r (45.13 ± 1. 05). However, there was no significant association of the -C1021T and DBH with the components of excutive function (P＞0.05). Conclusion The present study suggests that the 30-bp variable number tandem repeat of MAOA contributs to the inhibition in males while -C1021T of DBH has no striking effects on the components of executive function in males and females.